Uses of Force Policy Essay Example for Free

Uses of Force Policy Essay Abstract Numerous authorized and program limitations control the use of force by law enforcement, starting with the 4th Amendment’s prevention against arbitrary searches and seizures and decentralizing downhill to state decrees and departmental guidelines that manage how and under what circumstances police officer may use force. In most police agencies at present, the use of force is closely regulated by guidelines, and more critical employments of force are evaluated and/or examined by directorial staffs or internal affairs sections. Whenever the law enforcement agency or a defendant uses force, there is a likelihood of harm. Until lately, a small amount was known concerning the incidence, reasons, or associates of force- linked damages. Over the previous few epochs, there have been progressions in preparation and knowledge with the purpose of decreasing the regularity and seriousness of injuries to the law enforcement agency and the community while sustaining the protected and real control over fighting accused. Along with use of force continuum the California Highway Patrol (CHP) has continuously had a well-made procedure concerning the use of force; nevertheless, the situations encompassing the Rodney King event triggered a reappraisal of this guidelines, for not merely the CHP, but also countless other police organizations all through the nation. Seventy-five percent of attackers who confrontation Highway Patrol officers depend on hands and feet. The CHP answer is practically always something other than a sidearm, at the beginning while use of a firearm is not prohibited if conditions command (California, 2013). Regrettably, the instructing simulants used by countless police departments introduce typical shoot / dont shoot circumstances that discount the more mainstream conflicts when a revolver is not a choice. The capability to neutralize or influence a condition before it achieves crisis is a vital ability needed for any police officer. The query for CHPs top administration was Can a preparation course be produced that exposes both an officers perception of procedure, and the ability to make the best selections in any category of circumstances where force may be mandatory? The Missouri Highway Patrol on the other hand has a progression of use of force. The General Order further states that when the use of force is authorized, officers should consider a progressive range of options for which they have been trained or equipped. Officers are not restricted to these options, nor must they use them in a particular sequence. Available options include: 1.â€Æ' Professional presence of the officer or a Patrol canine 2.â€Æ' Tactical communication including verbal dialogue, requests, instructions, and commands 3.â€Æ' Tire deflation devices, to encourage the safe stopping of fleeing vehicles 4.â€Æ' Physical force, which causes little or no pain, such as using empty hands 5.â€Æ' OC aerosol 6.â€Æ' Level I of the lateral vascular neck restraint and the shoulder pin restraint 7.â€Æ' Physical force, which causes moderate or greater pain 8.â€Æ' Chemical irritants such as tear gas, CN, and CS 9.â€Æ' Immediate force, including physical strikes, Levels II, and III of the lateral vascular neck restraint and the shoulder pin restraint 10.â€Æ' Strikes using an approved baton, contact by a Patrol canine, SERT beanbag rounds, and similar force impact 11.â€Æ' Deadly force. The General Order goes on to provide that the decision to use a firearm must be based on facts and the totality of circumstances known to the officer involved at the time (STATE CROWE v. MISSOURI STATE HIGHWAY PATROL, 2005). The similarities in these use of force policies is that both states stress the use of alternatives in their use of force continuum. Both policies stressed the use of alternatives such as officer presence, verbal communication, nonlethal use of force, chemical munitions, and finally deadly force. Both states have remedial training each year on the updated version of use of force. The differences are substantial for example; California Highway Patrol uses high-tech versions and video scenarios to train their officers in the properties of alternatives to the use of force. Each scenario gets a number of alternatives and outcomes to that specific  scenario. On the other hand, Missouri have established General orders outline all stages and alternatives to the use of force. Even the nonlethal use of force can be very subjective over the years there has the meaning different devices used by law enforcement that were considered less than lethal. However, surveys have shown that even the ease less than lethal devices can prove to be very deadly in certain circumstances (Cole Gertz, 2013). While writing my use of force policy many considerations were taken into effect to generate the final product. Such as perception, public view, policy, and training. With regard to Perception, there is continuously an instant merit conclusion made concerning the suitability of the specific use of force. Good shooting versus bad shooting, for example. However, what of a state when an offender is shot in the back? Alternatively, no firearm is discovered on or nearby the offender? Every veteran officer recognizes these particulars unaccompanied are not developmental of the justifiability of the use of force, yet mass media, populace, and even several inside the organization will create the importance of the evidences. However, the community is frequently ignorant of the authentic permissible criteria related to the use of force. They are similarly uninformed of the instruction afforded to police officer on the use of force frequently depend on the expositions made by the mass media, whi ch has an enormous impact on the Perception point. Furthermore, public anxiety pre-existing anytime use of force is confront may aggravate an at present anxious condition. Policy what is frequently imply to as whichever the organization liberator or the evil spirit it did not recognize is the authentic guidelines, principles, and preparation that are in position. In its development and application, effective policy will protect the organization from legal responsibility. Terrible policy or no policy in position will be an understandable obstruction for the organization. Training that is in position is merely an issue of whether the procedure is adhering. Simply retaining a policy in position is not sufficient; it needs to be executed and obeyed. Preferably, the Policy and the Training should echo one another. Retaining a policy in position on the use of force and no training officials in the appropriate implementation of that policy can be the frontrunner to legal responsibility for an unauthorized policy by neglecting to train or to manage. These privileges may give development to a statement of premeditated apathy  against superintendents and the city, which is similar to claiming an unrecorded policy of unauthorized conduct. Use of force policy should have a ACHIEVE result, which is to say that the division supervisors must inform police officer of the policy, Teach police officer on the policy, and Train police officer on the policy. Glass use of force policy; Prior to a police officer authorization to carry department firearms, he/she will obtain trainings in the department guidelines, rules, and techniques regarding the use of force. Police officer obtaining this training must acceptably demonstrate a functioning understanding of the topic by way of realistic and written examination. The officer will use just those methods and abilities appropriate under the Glass Police Department and the Municipal Police Training Committee. A yearly evaluation and examination practice will be controlled and recognized by specialized firearms trainers concurring to the permitted training policy. An illustration of this use-of-force continuum is as followed: * Officer Presence No force is used. * The simple attendance of a police officer works to discourage corruption or verbose a circumstances. * Police officer approaches are professional and nonthreatening. * Verbalization — Force is not physical. * Police officer delivery composed, nonthreatening instructions, for example, Let me see your ID and registration. * Police officer may upsurge their degree and abbreviate instructions in an effort to increase obedience. Concise instructions may contain Stop, or Dont move. * Empty-Hand Control Police officer use physical force to increase influence of circumstances. * Soft technique. Police officer use grips holds and joint locks to detain a person. * Hard technique. Police officer use blows and kicks to detain a person. * Less-Lethal Methods Police officer use less-lethal knowledge to increase command of circumstances. * Blunt impact. Police officer may use a stick or rubber bullet to restrain a belligerent individual. * Chemical. Police officer may use chemical aerosols or shells entrenched with chemicals to detain a person. * Conducted Energy Devices (CEDs). Police officer may use CEDs to restrain a person. CEDs release a high-voltage, low-amperage shock of electricity at a gap. * Lethal Force Police officer use lethal arms to increase the command of circumstances. Should only be used if an accused postures a dangerous threat to the police officer or another person. * Police officer use deadly armaments such as weapons to halt a persons activities. The investigation of Officer Edward Smith, the police officer enmeshed with the scene of a discharging of a weapon or other event causing a death or critical injury of an individual occasioning from the activities or participation of a representative of the Glass Police Department. The police officer shall take actions that are rationally conceivable and suitable to defend their safety, the security of others, and to realm proof vital to the examination of the occurrence (Police, 2011). Safeguard facts from damage, obliteration, or harm that is possible to transpire before reinforcement can arrive. Safeguard that evidentiary articles are not relocated, note unique situation and place of individuals, firearms, and other pertinent matters and verification. Sheltered the location, create a boundary with crime scene tape, and regulate admission to approved individuals essential to investigate the event and help the injured. Document the persons name, addresses, and phone number of all eyewitnesses and other individuals at the scene and ask that they stay on hand in order to make a short declaration whether or not they observed the occurrence. Until supervisory, arrive and establishes a command center. The supervisor after taking control at the scene executes the following. Confirm that the police officer family is informed on a precedence foundation and personally if the police officer is injured. Send for Crime Scene Technicians to the scene. Certify that the attiring of police officer and other injured individuals is gathered for possible evidentiary resolutions and that connected gear of the police officer is protected. If the police officer is not injured, transport him/her away from  the middle of action escorted by another police officer. Safeguard the police officer (s) firearms as evidence. This shall be accomplished in as inconspicuous method as achievable and away from the direct scene. Confirm that the direct area is controlled and restrain any suspects within. Illustrate the scene and take picture as soon as probable. Uncover and secure in place if possible the police officers weapon(s) and ammo casings. Check the firearms of all police officer at the scene, for release and secure the firearm when indication of release is present. Find the accuseds firearm(s), ammunition and used cartridges (Police, 2011). Investigators responsibilities are to ensure that tasks itemized of this procedure have been properly and sufficiently accomplished. Obtain an overall update and walk-through by the controlling police officer concerning the situations encompassing the shooting/use of deadly force. Confirm that the general scene and evidentiary objects are photographed and recorded. Record all individuals’ current at the scene. Certify thorough examination of the scene and appropriate gathering of all articles and materials of evidentiary worth. Acquire taped testimonials from the accused. Find and detect eyewitnesses and perform preliminary tape-recorded questioning. Remove any firearm expended by the police officer(s) into care and control it as evidence. Weapons shall be removed from police officer in a detached method. Make contact with the medical examiner and be present at any autopsy of police officer and/or accused. Conclude entry and departure wounds, approximations of the firearms location, the existence of regulated materials in the decedents blood, or other linked evidence. Acquire search warrants as essential for examinations of cars, vessels, and residences. Complete an account specifying the conclusion of the investigation. The Chief of Police will organize the actions of replying superiors. The Chief of Police will decide the suitable time to publish the names of participating participants to the media. The Chief of Police shall begin an Internal Affairs investigation to be started in episodes resultant in death or life-threatening injury of a police officer or resident, occasioning from or in the implementation of the police officer functions (Police, 2011). References STATE CROWE v. MISSOURI STATE HIGHWAY PATROL, No. WD 64374. (Missouri Court of Appeals,Western District. August 02, 2005). California, S. o. (2013). California Highway Patrol. Retrieved from http://www.chp.ca.gov/programs/fots.html Cole Gertz. (2013). The Criminal Justice System, Politics and Policies. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage learning. Police, I. S. (2011, AUGUST 25). OFFICER INVOLVED SHOOTINGS / LETHAL INCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS. Retrieved from http://www.icgov.org/site/CMSv2/File/police/generalOrders/genorder40.pdf

The Sino-American Relationship Essay -- China Politics Government Essa

The Sino-American Relationship   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main focus of this paper is to analyze the Sino-American relationship and the factors both past and present that make it a complicated and very important issue, as well as future expectations for the development of continued relations. American contact with China in the past has been less than positive and China is a country that values respect and honesty in its value system. China and the USA do not share the same view of the world. There has been much misunderstanding and even underhanded policy when it came to the USA, especially with the changing of our presidents. Clinton was a strong supporter of having Asia involved in the future of America. He urged that China become a part of the World Trade Organization to make the relationship that of a partnership. He had been quoted as referring to China as a strategic partner while Bush described China as a strategic competitor. (Tyler p1) Imagine the shock of China to be turned from favored friend to possible e nemy within the period of less than a year. In my opinion this is a relationship that both sides can mutually benefit from however up until this point it has been clouded by great egos and failed policies. This is an extremely important issue to discuss because China is one of the largest nations in terms of billions of people, as well as an upcoming superpower. In the future China will become stronger in terms of production and business, and the USA would be wise not to cause permanent damage by ignoring treaties and past foreign policy. America must remember they cannot change the rules of the game in the middle of playing! America is a democratic nation that values human rights, and in that platform fights a moral war naturally which would put the USA at odds with China on more than one issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My personal expectations for the future of China and America’s diplomatic relationship is that it will continue to deteriorate if the USA does not find a better way to deal with the current problems involving Taiwan. The issue that I am mainly concerned with is the one-China principle which is set to have Taiwan ruled by the Communist party and no longer be a democratic entity and China would have sovereignty over Taiwan. Clinton had long urged that the USA continue to abandon talks with Taiwan and stuck to that policy during much of his term as president, t... ...bliography Chung, Chien-Peng. â€Å" Taiwan's Future: Mongolia or Tibet? â€Å"Asian Affairs: An American Review, Winter2001, Vol. 27 Issue 4, p233, 13p Embassy of the Peoples Republic of China in the USA. â€Å"Background: Sino American relationship.† 10 June, 2001 http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/7030.html Tyler, Marshall. â€Å"Clinton Calls for Swift WTO entry for China.† Los Angeles Times. 11 May 2001. Hui, Chun; Law, Kenneth S Tjosvold, Dean;. â€Å"Constructive Conflict in China: Cooperative Conflict as a Bridge Between East and West.† Journal of World Business, Summer2001, Vol. 36 Issue 2, p166, 18p â€Å"Pilot missing after US Spy jet sparks plane crash.† China Daily. 2 April 2001. Http://www1.chinadaily.com.cn/highlights/docs/2001-04-29/2520.html O’Hanlon, Michael. â€Å"War and coming Conflicts.† Harvard International Review, Summer 2001 Vol 23 Issue 2 p.42. Weidenbaum, Murray. †United States- China- Taiwan: A Precarious Triangle.† Challenge, Sep/Oct2000, Vol. 43 Issue 5, p92, 15p Wright, Robin. â€Å"The World: U.S. Tilt to Taipei is seen as Risky.† Los Angeles Times. 21 May 2001. â€Å" Sino-U.S. Ties Should Go Ahead From EP-3 Incident: Ambassador.† Xinhua News Agency. 6 June 2001.

Load shading Crisis in Nepal

Nepal is being ravaged by the electricity crisis. The electricity crisis of this millennium began in 2006. Nepal saw the last electricity crisis of the last millennium in 1999 and, with the commissioning of Khimti project in 2000, there was no load shedding through till 2005. Nepal was grappling with the problem of flood in the first week of August 2008, with resultant loss of life and limb as well as property in the hilly areas and Terai of the west Nepal. NEA was imposing a load shedding of 2 hours each day, two days a week.With effect from 27th August, 2008 the load shedding hours was increased to 16. 5 hours/week. The increase of load shedding by more than 4 times was ascribed to (a) inability to import power from India, due to collapse of a particular transmission tower in east Nepal caused by the breach of Koshi embankment, and consequent flooding of the area and (b) low water level in Kulekhani reservoir. There was one more reason behind the â€Å"augmentation† of load shedding hours which can be gleaned by studying following table closely . Why Load Shedding?It is rather normal for people to wonder why we have to put up with load shedding in a country that is endowed with an economic potential of 43,000 MW of hydropower. It is more surprising, knowing that relevant officials did have prior knowledge of what will be the demand for electricity in the country in specific years to come. NEA and other policy makers must have been in a position to prepare plans for an increase in generation. However, it is saddening to note that generation expansion has not kept pace with consumption growth.One of the problems behind this is the failure to complete project construction and commission in time – Middle Marsyangdi project is a prime example which was supposed to be completed in 2004 originally. However, looking at the magnitude of power deficit, it is not difficult to see that even with this project completed in a timely manner Nepal would have fac ed load shedding as the projects in the pipeline is not commensurate to growth of electricity consumption. Demise of Arun III and Load SheddingWith the country facing load shedding due to supply constraint, people, ranging from the then finance minister (an economist, possessing doctorate degree) and many electricity experts (self proclaimed and otherwise), have been ascribing the current electricity crisis to the cancellation of Arun III in 1995, which was scheduled to be completed in 2005. Silver lining Like in all dark cloud, some silver lining has been seen in the load shedding problem of Nepal. Candle industry, which is a flourishing cottage industry of Nepal, has further flourished due to the electricity crisis obtaining in the country.It is heart warming to note, as candle industry has high level of backward linkage, that it must be contributing to the economy significantly. Perhaps many a marital relationships, undergoing some crisis, must have taken a turn for the better du e to ubiquitous candle light during dinners frequently, even at homes! Similarly, sale of inverters, batteries, generators, solar panels, etc. also has increased by a magnitude. There is nothing to be happy about the increased turnover of these, as these have to be imported.In the case of inverters, the experts opine that use of inverters at home exacerbates the problem further as these mediums store energy inefficiently. Similarly, increase in the sales of generators has contributed to aggravation the fossil fuel crisis in the country besides contributing to environmental pollution. Due to time constraint, this paper is not able do an in-depth analysis of this aspect. Adverse impact Obviously the primary impact of load shedding is on NEA in terms of loss of revenue. In FY 2007/08 the deficit of electricity was 309. 46 GWh and at average revenue rate of Rs 6.70/kWhNEA could have earned Rs 2. 07 billion incremental revenue and would have been able to post a net profit of Rs 761 milli on, instead a net loss of Rs 1. 312 billion, but for this crisis. There was a time when even hospitals suffered due to shortage of oxygen which was ascribed to unavailability of electricity. Similarly, factories operating for 3 shifts had to operate only 2 shifts and those operating 2 shifts had to scale down to 1 shift. It even became difficult to operate a factory for a particular shift contiguously as the load shedding occurred in the middle of a shift which posed a new kind of challenge..In order to mitigate this problem, a number of industries acquired standby generators which increased the fossil fuel crisis by a magnitude. On the other hand, even after procurement of standby generators many industries were forced to stand idly by as they were unable to operate even the standby generators due to shortage of fossil fuel to operate them. Further, the load shedding problem also aggravated and compounded the fuel crisis as various factories, even shops and some households started using generators to mitigate the problem of load shedding.Besides, the use of fossil fuel as an alternative to electricity increased environmental pollution (due to industries, shops[20] etc. using backup generators) including indoor pollution. Anomaly There is a note worthy anomaly in all this – spilling of electricity (wasting generation capacity) in the midst of load shedding. In fiscal year 2007/8, as mentioned earlier, the energy demand totaled 3,490. 12 GWh while available energy was 3,180. 66 GWh only resulting in a deficit of 309. 46 GWh. However, NEA spilled 223. 378 GWh of this precious commodity during the same period .On the other hand, consumption pattern in Nepal is diametrically opposite of generation by RoR projects – high quantum of electricity consumption in the dry season (winter) and low consumption during wet (rainy) season. Kulekhani I and II – totaling 92 MW – is the only storage project in Nepal, generation from which could be tail ored to the demand. GoN Policy and Load Shedding Nepal’s Water Resource Strategy[24]stipulates that â€Å"by 2017, 2230 MW hydropower developed to meet projected demand of 2230 MW, including 400 MW for export.†According to load forecast prepared by NEA (table 5 above) peak demand in FY 2017/18 is estimated at 1770. 2 MW and to meet this level of demand the installed capacity will have to be at least or more than 3500 MW as power plants generate at around 50% of the installed capacity. Therefore, with 2230 MW in the system it will generate only about 1115 MW during the dry season and, therefore, the plan to export 400 MW will not be possible. Nepal can even escape from current petroleum product crisis significantly by electrifying transportation system (ranging from electric train, trolley bus, cable car, ropeway, electric bike, etc  to even hybrid car).Actually Nepal should aim to maximize use of power generated by harnessing its water resource domestically and also benefit by forward linkaged benefits. Use electricity to lift water to irrigate, to run cold storage, to set up agro-processing industries, use for industrialization of Nepal, also to set up energy intensive industries. The policy and strategy adopted by the government based on the assumption that Nepal has excess hydropower potential, the only use of which is exporting it to a neighboring country is at the root of all the problems.Presently the policy is focused on getting free energy by allowing developers to implement projects as export oriented. Which results in cheap and better quality electricity being exported (example is West Seti, Upper Karnali and Arun III) while condemning people in Nepal to live in the dark due to load shedding, leaving industries to starve for energy and continuing with long queues for petroleum products that pollute the environment and make people sick, increasing the absenteeism from work, and spend hard earned money on medicine and medical treatment. Way forward All problems have solutions and load shedding problem is not different. In following lines an attempt is being made to come up with certain suggestions as to how the problem is best mitigated. However, due to time and space constraint, all the issues could not be dealt with here exhaustively, although one could come up with many more suggestions. GoN Policy: Nepal government should have a policy to implement as many hydropower projects as possible with domestic investment so that investment linkaged benefit will percolate into the economy.This does not mean that we should close our doors to foreign direct investment. As long as the electricity is used for the benefit of the country who is investing in the project does not matter. Secondly, Nepal should allow projects to be implemented by the investor/s (domestic or foreign) that will generate the electricity at the lowest cost. Nepal should purchase all such power (at lowest possible price) and electrify the nation massi vely (not just for lighting a few bulbs in houses, though) and export the electricity that Nepal is not able to consume at premium .What Nepal should do is, instead of dedicated export oriented power projects, she should plan to export energy during wet seasons and off peak hours when she needs to spill her electricity generation capacity while during the same window of time the electricity demand in south is at its peak, thus commanding premium tariff. In this manner we could easily get out of the trap of long term PPAs and also take advantage from the complementarity of electricity market of Nepal and India implemented at the end of the survey license period.Infrastructure: Private investors have discovered that investment in electricity generation project is a lucrative business. However, they are constrained by lack of infrastructure like transmission network and access road.. Therefore, NEA should launch a campaign to build transmission network and if it is constrained by finan cial considerations, then she should, to use an old euphemism, beg, borrow or steal to build the transmission network where it enjoys both comparative and competitive advantage.Becomes clear by looking at the highest priority accorded to Dhalkebar-Muzaffarpur trans-border transmission line that will be used to evacuate power from Arun III and Tamakoshi projects in Nepal. Moreover, all the connection points proposed across the border in India, like Gorakhpur, Purnea and Muzaffarpur (except for Silguri), are load centers suffering power deficit. Delayed Completion of Projects: A part of the load shedding problem is attributable to construction delays. Implementation of hydropower projects by NEA is fraught with both cost overrun and time overrun risks as the experience shows.Therefore, the best use of national resource is to have hydropower projects implemented by private sector that seems to be able to implement projects effectively and efficiently both in terms of cost and time. In order to mitigate this problem NEA should review structure and content of construction/supply contracts that it signs with contractors and suppliers and adopt construction/supply contracts which are not open ended (fixed time and fixed price) – not affording any latitude for increase in cost or completion time (to use the popular phrase with no scope for any â€Å"variation order†).System Mismatch: With the total installed capacity of over 687 MW now, the system is generating less than half of that during the dry season when the demand is at its peak, thereby creating electricity crisis. Nepal not only needs to have a reliable storage project in its stable but she should also supplement peak period demand by implementing daily pondage projects. NEA should also seek the cooperation of private sector to solve the system mismatch problem, by introducing bulk besides the seasonal variation in the tariff as it has now adopted for projects of up to 25 MW.Investment friendly environment: In order to assess the role of investment friendly environment in the implementation of hydropower projects, it’s educative to compare the target and achievement of 9th and 10th five year plans. Loss control: NEA announced that its net system loss was 25. 15% in 2007/08 and 26. 71% in 2006/07 This is total of both technical and non-technical loss. Technical loss can be significantly reduced by up to 7-8 percentage points by strengthening the transmission network which will definitely help in reducing load shedding durationSmart Retail Tariff: At present NEA has a specific slab structure of tariff for all kinds of domestic consumers irrespective of whether their demand for electricity is elastic (whether consuming it for luxurious uses like operating air conditioner, refrigerator or laundry machine) or not (use it just to ward off darkness). NEA has a social tariff of Rs 4/kWh up to 20 kWh – at which rate NEA doesn’t recover its cost (of generation, transmission plus distribution).Under the current policy the social tariff is not limited to indigent people only, NEA tariff should be amended to make social tariff available to only those who deserve it – poorest of the poor. Under a crude estimate, just with this one change NEA will earn incremental revenue of Rs 1 billion. Encourage Private Sector to Install More Capacity: Due to increase in the cost of construction materials like steel, cement, etc. private developers are asking for an increase in bulk tariff NEA offers to the private sector.GoN needs to understand that it doesn’t make sense for it GoN to earn revenue while NEA is hemorrhaging because NEA is also fully owned by GoN. Instead of revenue from duties, GoN should vie to reap benefit by the multiplier effects that will be caused by electrification of the country. What the government needs to remember is that sacrifice of revenue by it to increase domestic consumption will eventually enrich the macro eco nomy, hence the government, gaining from the multiplier effect on the economy due to forward linkages of electricity uses. Same is not true in the case of export oriented projects ConclusionIt is rather tragicomic to have a country like Nepal, richly endowed with water resources, suffer from the problem of load shedding. Besides, the problem is not too difficult to solve if only the hydrocracy (intelligentsia, politicos and bureaucracy involved in hydropower sector) starts to think outside the box. The problem is rooted in the tunnel vision. Because, although NEA has promised respite from it by 2013/14, it is clear from above discussion that even if the projects in the â€Å"pipeline† are commissioned by the promised date, the load shedding will not vanish.The load shedding is not happening because the decision makers are unable to figure out what will be the demand for the years to come or such data is not available to them. with regard to policy as well as with regard to wh en to start implementation of specific project to augment generation capacity – are not taken at appropriate time, the bureaucracy is unable to ensure that the projects under implementation are completed within expected time.

Spring Poems (Classic and Contemporary) Collection

Our anthology of poems celebrating spring begins with a selection of classics: Tu Fu,â€Å"A Spring View† (c. 750), translated by Witter Bynner Li Po,â€Å"Waking from Drunkenness on a Spring Day† (c. 750), translated by Arthur Waley William Shakespeare,â€Å"Spring,† song from Love’s Labors Lost (1598) Thomas Nashe,â€Å"Spring, the Sweet Spring,† from Summer’s Last Will and Testament (1600) William Shakespeare,Sonnet 98 - â€Å"From you have I been absent in the spring† (1609) John Webster,â€Å"Vanitas Vanitatum,† from The Devil’s Law Case (1623) Thomas Carew,â€Å"The Spring† (1640) Robert Herrick,â€Å"Corinna’s Going a-Maying† (1648) Matsuo Basho,â€Å"Spring Rain,† â€Å"Spring Air† and Four Haiku (c. 1680) William Blake,â€Å"To Spring† (1783) Robert Burns,â€Å"Composed in Spring† (1786) William Wordsworth,â€Å"Lines Written in Early Spring† (1798) Kobayashi Issa,â€Å"Three Spring Haiku† (1804, 1818) Samuel Taylor Coleridge,à ¢â‚¬Å"Work Without Hope† (1825) Christina Rossetti,â€Å"Spring Quiet† (1847) Walt Whitman,â€Å"These I, Singing in Spring† (1860) Emily Dickinson,â€Å"A Light exists in Spring† (#812) Emily Dickinson,â€Å"A little madness in the Spring† (#1333) A.E. Housman,â€Å"Loveliest of trees, the cherry now† (1896) Robert Frost,â€Å"A Prayer in Spring† (1915) Robert Frost,â€Å"Two Tramps in Mud Time† (1934) D.H.  Lawrence,â€Å"The Enkindled Spring† (1916) Amy Lowell,â€Å"Spring Day† (1916) Robert Louis Stevenson,â€Å"Spring Carol† (1918) Gerard Manley Hopkins,â€Å"Spring† (1918) John Clare,â€Å"Young Lambs† (1920) Carl Sandburg,â€Å"Three Spring Notations on Bipeds† (1920) e.e. cummings,â€Å"in Just-† (1920) William Carlos Williams,â€Å"March† (1921) Edna St. Vincent Millay,â€Å"Spring† (1921) A.E. Housman,â€Å"Spring Morning† (1922) To which we’ve added a selection of the new poems on spring themes we’ve received from contemporary poets around the world: Denis Dunn, â€Å" 6:13 march morning† Michael Graves, â€Å"Poem to Spring in a Time of Global Warming† Dorothea Grossman, â€Å"Spring† Ruth Hill, â€Å"Light Advancing Through Trees† and â€Å"Awe† Doug Holder, â€Å"Spring On School Street. Somerville, Mass.† Margaret James, â€Å"Sunday† and â€Å"March 18† Wayne Jarus, â€Å"The Flower Garden† Guy Kettelhack, â€Å"Dithyramb for Springtime† Christine Klocek-Lim, â€Å"First Crocus† Steve Meador, â€Å"The Morning After† Justine Nicholas, â€Å"Quinquagesima† and â€Å"Magnolia† Jack Peachum, â€Å"Virginia in Spring† and â€Å"Epiphany in Carolina† Don Rehling, â€Å"Mountains Melting† Lisa Shields, â€Å"Calling Card† and â€Å"Pinked† Larissa Shmailo, â€Å"Spring Vow† Ingrid Toth, â€Å"Spring 1946† Melissa Varnavas, â€Å"Ashley’s Garden† Bill Vartnaw, â€Å"Sprin g† Enjoy these poems of the season!

Cooper Union Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores

The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art is a private college with an acceptance rate of 16%. Founded in 1859 by Peter Cooper, industrialist and philanthropist, Cooper Union offers public programs for the civic, cultural and practicable enrichment of New York City. Located in the East Village of downtown Manhattan, Cooper Union is divided into three schools: Architecture, Art, and Engineering. Each of these schools offers degrees at the undergraduate and graduate levels. With these specializations, Cooper Union has an assortment of state-of-the-art facilities, including several art studios, photography labs, film production labs, and art galleries. A particularly notable feature of the school is that every  student at Cooper Union receives a half-tuition scholarship for all four years of college. Considering applying to this highly selective school? Here are the Cooper Union statistics you should know. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Cooper Union had an acceptance rate of 16%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 16 were admitted, making Cooper Unions admissions process highly competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 2,447 Percent Admitted 16% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 55% SAT Scores and Requirements Cooper Union requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 73% of admitted student-submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 630 720 Math 650 790 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Cooper Unions admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Cooper Union scored between 630 and 720, while 25% scored below 630 and 25% scored above 720. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 650 and 790, while 25% scored below 650 and 25% scored above 790. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1510 or higher will be more competitive for Cooper Union. Requirements Cooper Union does not require the SAT writing section. Note that Cooper Union participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. The Engineering college does not require SAT Subject test scores, but they will consider math and science SAT II scores if submitted. ACT Scores and Requirements Cooper Union Requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 32% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 31 35 Math 29 35 Composite 31 34 This admissions data tells us that most of Cooper Unions admitted students fall within the top 5% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Cooper Union received a composite ACT score between 31 and 34, while 25% scored above 34 and 25% scored below 31. Requirements Cooper Union does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, Cooper Union superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA Cooper Union does not provide data about admitted students high school GPAs. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Cooper Union Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Cooper Union. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art has a highly competitive admissions pool with a low acceptance rate and high average SAT/ACT scores. However, Cooper Union has a holistic admissions process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. Art applicants need to provide a letter of recommendation and complete a hometest that includes a portfolio of their work. Architecture applicants need to complete a Studio Test, and have the option of submitting a letter of recommendation. Finally, engineering students need to submit two to three letters of recommendation, as well as a separate writing supplement. For all programs, the school will want to see that you have successfully completed a rigorous high school course schedule. The colleges free tuition and excellent programs draw thousands of applicants, so youll need special talent as well as high grades and test scores to gain admission. In the scattergram above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that everyone who got in had a high school average in the A range, and SAT and ACT  scores that were well above average (combined SAT scores tend to be above 1400 and composite ACT scores above 30). If You Like Cooper Union, You May Also Like These Schools Cornell UniversityNew York UniversityPrinceton UniversityBrown UniversityCarnegie Mellon University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Cooper Union Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Use Of Free Verse From All Bonds Essay - 1501 Words

Citizen employs various poetic devices such as metaphors, metonymy, synecdoche, conceit, anaphora and symbolism. The absence of conventional stanzas allow each topic to flow into each other in order to imitate reality, because in reality, issues like institutional racism and police brutality cannot be separated when the majority of men being shot and killed by police are black. The use of free verse declares the rejection of mediating a collective of black voices and experiences. When elaborating on form, Rhian Williams states that ‘Free verse liberates itself from all bonds’. However a wider discussion on the use of free verse is whether art can truly be free, similar to the debate of whether black people can truly express emotion without restriction. Rankine also plays with the order of words to add layers to its meaning. The layout of Citizen is also a striking statement. Rankine advertises this book of poetry as an American lyric to lay emphasis on the form and what it represents. A single speaker exploring personal feelings and instances of racism bridges the gap between narrator and reader. The poetry is experimental, and represents a refusal to subscribe to the regular conventions of poetry, with the use of free form poetry, image text and the offering of dates. By providing the reader with dates from real life events, the reality of these depictions, of the lack of government interference and rise in unlawful killings, is cemented in the brain. Metaphors are usedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Ephesians 5 : How Deep Can Love Go? Who Would You Die?1390 Words   |  6 Pageswould you die for? Christ loves us so much that he died for all of our sins, giving him the right of headship over us. The passage I am writing about is Ephesians 5:21-33, Paul writes these verses to serve as a reminder that a Christian marriage includes husband and wife to be subject to each other. 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Yamang tao free essay sample

†¢ Decoction of bark used as tonic and stimulant; used for diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhages and treatment of gonorrhea. †¢ Cubans in Miami reported to use the leaf decoction for cancer treatment. †¢ In Brazil, bark latex used resolutive on abscesses; and as a potent vermifuge when dried and powdered. Dalandan Distribution Found throughout the Philippines, nearly always planted. Found in all warm countries. Native of the Old World. Properties †¢ Aperitif, aromatic, stomachic, tonic, astringent, mildly carminative, cholagogue, antibacterial, antiemetic, antifungal, antispasmodic, antitussive, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, stimulant, vermifuge. †¢ Dried rind is considered aromatic, stomachic, tonic, astringent, and mildly carminative. †¢ Citrus flavonoids have potential antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory activity, and cholesterol lowering potential. Parts used Flowers, fruit and rind. Uses Nutrition / Culinary A good source of vitamin C. Rich in flavonoids. Dried flowers is a pleasant flavoring agent. Condiment, fruit, oil. Peel used for making marmalades and candies. Flowers used for scenting tea. Essential oil from the dried fruit used as food flavoring. Fruit rind used for baking flavors. In Iran, the orange peel used as flavoring for boiled rice and other vegetables. Fruit is used for making sauces, creams, jelly, honey, etc. Folkloric Juice is a cooling drink, and used as food, particularly for the febrile and scorbutic. In the Philippines, the leaves, peel, and flowers are used as stomachic and antiscorbutic. Decoction of rind taken for gas pains. Decoction of peel also used as emmenagogue. Leaves are applied to reduce swelling in the legs. Also used as tonic, pectorals and in bronchitis. For nausea and fainting, squeeze rind near nostril for irritant inhalation. Dried flowers used as stimulant and preventive for dysentery. Flowers used as antispasmodic. Orange peel is an ingredient in the preparation of tincture of cinchona and tincture of gentian. Dried rind is used as tonic dyspepsia and for general debility; also used to check vomiting. Fresh rind is rubbed on the face for acne or eczema. Juice used with salt as a ringworm remedy. Water distilled from the orange flowers used as stimulant, and as a refreshing drink in nervousness and hysterical cases. Used as a stimulant and appetite suppressant In traditional Chinese medicine, Zhi shi, the immature dried fruit of citrus aurantium, has been used to treat chest congestion and stimulate gastrointestinal functions. Peel of immature fruit used for indigestion, abdominal pains, constipation, and dysenteric diarrhea. Bitter orange seeds or pips, first torrefied to remove the husks, taken as a stimulating remedy. Oil from the rind is used internally and externally, as a stimulating liniment, for gout and rheumatism. In Mexico and South America, leaf used as tonic, laxative, sedative; peel used for stomach aches and high blood pressure. Basque in Europe used the leaves for stomachaches, insomnia and palpitations. Others In India, neroli oil, mixed with vaseline, for leech prevention. In recent years, Citrus aurantium supplements has been promoted for appetite control. Perfumery: Oil distilled from flowers used in perfumery. Orange peel is an ingredient in the preparation of tincture of cinchona and tincture of gentian. Eucalyptus Distribution Usually planted as a garden plant in Baguio and Manila. Grows vigorously in the Baguio area. Native to Australia. Also in North and South Africa, India, and southern Europe. Properties †¢ Oils are in classified into: (1) medicinal, containing eucalytol or cineol (2) industrial, containing terpenes, used in mining operations, and (3) aromatic, as in E. citriodora. †¢ Considered anesthetic, antibronchitic, antiseptic, anticatarrh, antiparasitic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, antiviral, cooling, antiinflammatory, diuretic, febrifuge, rubefacient, analgesic, insect repellent, sedative, expectorant, stimulant. Parts used Mature leaves, oil. Uses Edibility Blue gum leaves used as therapeutic herbal tea. Folkloric As antiseptic and deodorant, leaves are crushed and applied on affected areas. Decoction of leaves as tea for cough, asthma, hoarseness, fevers. Pure eucalyptus oil, two drops in a tsp of warm water, for coughs, whooping coughs, asthma and bronchitis. Infusion of leaves used for asthma, catarrh, bronchitis, whooping cough, coryza, dysentery, diabetes, fevers and colds, malaria, rhinitis, tuberculosis. For sinusitis, breathing of vapor of decoction of leaves. Decoction of leaves used for washing and cleaning wounds. Other uses: Diabetes, lumbago, sciatica, toothaches, tuberculosis, dysentery, gout. In China, used for promote eschar formation. In France, leaf extract used as hypoglycemic. In Guatemala, leaf decoction for fever. Hot water extract of dried leaf used for ringworm, wounds, ulcers, pimples and as vaginal douche. In India, as mosquito repellent and insecticide. In Italy, as inhalation therapy for asthma; also for diabetes. In Kenya, for snail infestation. In Mexico, for urethritis, laryngitis, cystitis, gastritis, enteritis; as antipyretic and antimalarial. In Tunisia, for bronchial conditions and cough. In Spain, for colds, catarrh, diabetes. Preparation for use: Gather the leaves, dry in the sun for 5-6 hours. Place in a paper bag, tie and hang in the shade for a week. Decoct 50 gms of the dried leaves in a pint of boiling water; drink 6 glasses daily. For fresh leaves, use 60 to 70 gms to a pint of boiling water, drink the same amount. Livestock †¢ Mastitis: A herbal gel made from C longa, Cedrus deodara, G glabra and E globulus, applied twice daily, is used to treat and prevent subclinical mastitis in crossbred cows. †¢ Bovine endometriosis: Cow with endometritis were given an intrauterine infusion of a 10% solution of a tincture of E globulus. †¢ Ectoparasites: Two experimental herbal mixtures containing E globulus along with several other plant oils have been used on dogs to treat ectoparasites. Other Biopesticidal: Leaves burned for use as Insect repellant. Extract used to kill fleas. Timber: Although of poor quality, used for fence post and pole construction. Perfumery: Oil used in perfumery. Fire Tree Distribution Introduced to the Philippines during the early Spanish period. Planted along roadsides and gardens. Properties Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-diarrhea, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory. Parts used Flowers, leaves, stem, bark. Uses Folkloric No reported folkloric medicinal use in the Philippines. In Bangladesh folk medicine, used for the treatment of diabetes. Gabi Distribution Generally cultivated throughout the Philippines but is not a native of the Archipelago. in cultivated soil, nearby swamps or water. Pantropic cultivation. Properties Leaves and petioles are excellent to taste, also rich in minerals. Leaf juice considered styptic, stimulant, rubifacient. Juice of corm is considered laxative, demulcent and anodyne. Tubers are digestive, laxative, diuretic, lactagogue, and styptic. Pressed juice of petioles are styptic. Acridity of leaves, petioles and tubers is due to raphides which easily disappear on boiling or cooking. These crystals may cause irritation. Studies have suggested analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, hypolipidemic properties. Parts utilized Roots and leaves. Uses Culinary / Nutrition Prized for its large corms or underground stems, used as staple food in many localities. Fresh edible leaves and petioles are a rich source of protein, ascorbic acid, dietary fiber, and some important minerals. The corms, petioles and leaf blades are good sources of vitamin B. To the early Hawaiians, grown mainly for poi production. Its easy digestibility makes it a great nutritional supplement for weight gain needs in cancer-cachexia, AIDS, pancreatitis and a miscellany of weight-loss conditions. Folkloric Used for asthma, arthritis, diarrhea, internal hemorrhage, skin disorders. Juice of petioles sometimes used for earache and otorrhea. Juice of the corm used in alopecia. Leaf juice also used for internal hemorrhages, otalgia, adenitis. Internally, a good laxative. Also, used for piles. Also, used as antidote for wasp and insect stings. Leaf juice applied to scorpion stings and snake bites. Heated tubers are applied locally to painful rheumatic joints. Ash of the tubers, mixed with honey, is used for buccal aphthous stomatitis. Raw juice of gabi, mixed with sugar, used as febrifuge. Halon Distribution In open waste places, at low and medium altitudes, from northern Luzon to Mindanao. Certainly introduced; sometimes, cultivated. Properties Nutritionally, leaves are an excellent source of protein. Plant is a good source of minerals, such as iron, calcium, phosphorus and carotenoids. Parts used Leaves, seeds. Uses Culinary / Nutrition In Iran and Iraq, seeds and tender leaves are eaten. Leaves considered an excellent source of protein. In Southeast Asia, plant is used as a vegetable. Folkloric Decoction of leaves used for chest afflictions In traditional and folk medicine, used for respiratory infections, vision defects, tuberculosis, fleshy tumors, liver problems and inflammations. In Ayurveda, leaf decoction used for chest afflictions and gastroenteritis; seeds applied to sores. . Seeds and leaves use as astringent for stopping diarrhea, bloody stools, hematuria, and excessive menstruation. (10) In India, seeds are used as food and medicinally, as diuretic. Also, applied to scrofulous sores. Ipil-Ipil Distribution: In settled areas at low and medium altitudes throughout the Philippines. Locally gregarious and abundant. Introduced from tropical America. Now pantropic. Properties †¢ Acrid, sweet, bitter, mildly toxic. Parts utilized Dried seeds. Uses Edibility In some provinces, seeds occasionally used as a coffee substitute. Folkloric In the Philippines, not much utilized as a medicinal plant. Roasted seeds used as emollient. Used for Intestinal parasitism: ascaris and trichinosis. Roots in decoction used as emmenagogue. Decoction of bark and roots is a powerful emmenagogue. In the West Indies, used as abortifacient. In China, seeds are eaten to rid of round worms. Jerusalem Cherry Distribution In the Philippines, grown in gardens for ornamental interest. Common in commericial botanical garden in Baguio. Parts used Bark, fruit, leaves and seeds. Uses Folkloric No reported medicinal use in the Philippines. In India, used in homeopathy medicine to treat acute lower abdominal pain and somnolence. In South Africa, reportedly used for treatment of boils and gonorrhea; orally, as a male tonic and for abdominal pain. Kalamansi Distribution Widely cultivated in the Philippines. The species is native to the Philippines. Properties Aromatic, antiseptic, antiphlogistic, carminative, deodorant, refrigerant. Parts used Fruit, leaves, roots. Uses Culinary and nutrition It is fairly sour and is a popular seasoning for many local food. Served with iced-tea, seafoods and meats. Also used for making juice and marmalade. Kalamnsi-ade is a rich source of vitamin C Condiment: Use rind and fruit. Folkloric Aromatic bath: Mix juice with gogo. Cough, colds and sore throat: Drink warm kalamansi-ade. Nausea and fainting: Squeeze rind near nostril to inhale. Applied externally for itching. Higaonon tribe of Mindanao use decoction of leaves to lower hypertension. Juice from partly roasted fruits used for coughs and colds. (10) Fruits crushed with bark of Entada phaseoloides used as hair shampoo, for itching and to stimulate hair growth. Juice of fruit used for Acne vulgaris and Pruritis vulvae. In Malaysia, used as an antidote for poison. Poultice of pandanus leaves, mixed with salt and juice of citrus microcarpa, for abscesses. In Malaya, combined with pepper to help expel phlegm. Root used at childbirth. Leaf oil used as carminative, with a effect stronger than peppermint oil. Others Bleaching agent: Cut fruit and apply directly on freckles. Stain Remover / Shampoo: Juice is used to remove ink stains from clothes and washing womens hair. Also used for bleaching freckles. Fruits crushed with bark of Entada phaseoloides used as hair shampoo, for itching and to stimulate hair growth. Labanos Distribution Widely cultivated in the Philippines at all altitudes. Properties  · Considered anthelmintic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiscorbutic, diuretic, laxative, tonic, carminative, corrective, stomachic, cholagogue, lithotriptic, emmenagogue.  · The juice of the fresh root is considered powerfully antiscorbutic.  · Roots considered carminative and corrective.  · Flowers considered becnic and cholagogue.  · Seeds considered diuretic, laxative, stimulant, and lithotriptic.  · In Iranian traditional medicine, seeds are considered diuretic carminative, antifever, antitussive and gastric tonic. Study yielded ten isothiocyanates, seven aliphatic hydrocarbons and some volatile substances. Uses Edibility / Nutrition Leaves, flowers, roots, and seeds are edible. A popular, common, and inexpensive vegetable, eaten raw or cooked. Young leaves are also eaten raw or cooked. Excellent source of iron and good source of calcium; also a source of vitamin B. Folkloric  · For diarrhea: boil the fresh leaves to concentrated decoction and drink.  · Juice of leaves increases the flow of urine and promotes bowel movements.  · Juice of fresh leaves also used as laxative; also for dropsy and general anasarca.  · Root considered stimulant; also used for piles and stomach pains.  · Juice used to expel wind from the bowels.  · Juice of fresh roots considered antiscorbutic.  · Roots are crushed and applied locally as dressing or poultice for burns, scalds, ecchymoses, or fetid or smelly feet.  · Decoction of root used for fevers.  · Decoction of roots used to bring out the rash in eruptive fevers.  · Coughs: Decoction of flowers; or, boil 6 to 15 gms seed preparation to decoction and drink.  · Seeds promote the flow of urine, bowel movements, and menstruation.  · Seeds used for cancer of the stomach.  · For patients with edema, bloated belly (ascites), pale yellowish face, and oliguria: used dried root preparation with citrus rind preparation (5:1 proportion). Boil to a concentrated decoction and drink. Others  · Repellent Makahiya Distribution Common weed widely distributed in the Philippines in open, moist, waste places, open grasslands and open thickets, at low and medium altitudes in settled areas. Introduced from tropical America. Pantropic weed. Properties Considered expectorant, antiasthmatic. analgesic, antispasmodic, alterant, sedative and antidepressant. Roots are bitter, astringent, acrid, alexipharmic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, constipating, cooling, diuretic, emetic, febrifuge, resolvent, vulnerary. Leaves are bitter, sudorific, tonic. Emetic effect attributed to mimosine. Parts utilized Entire plant. Uses Folkloric In the Philippines, roots used as diuretic; also used for dysentery and dysmenorrhea. Entire plant in decoction used as alterant and antiasthmatic. Root considered aphrodisiac, and used for bladder gravel and similar urinary complaints. Decoction or infusion of leaves used in asthma; expectorant. Used for hypertension, menorrhagia, glandular swelling, sore throat and hoarseness. Niyog Distribution Extensively cultivated in the Philippines, especially in regions where the dry season is not too prolonged. Properties Considered antitumor, antidotal, antiseptic, aperient, aphrodisiac, astringent, bactericidal, depurative, diuretic, pediculicide, refrigerant, stomachic, styptic, suppurative, vermifuge. Roots considered antiscorbutic, astringent, and diuretic. Parts used Roots, bark, bloom of the leaf, the cabbage, flowers, and the fruit (husk, shell, water, endosperm, oil.) Uses Edibility / Culinary / Nutrition Use oil for cooking; take meat and/or gata (cream) as food. The ubod part is a delicacy used in a variety of preparations: lumpia, achara, salads. A good source of iron and calcium. Fresh coconut juice is considered astringent; allowed to stand, it loses astringency. Folkloric Myriads of use in the traditional systems worldwide: abscesses, asthma, baldness, burns and bruises,, cough and colds, kidney stones, scabies, ulcers, among many others. Constipation: Take 1 to 2 tablespoons of gata (cream). Dandruff: Massage oil on scalp, leave overnight, and wash hair. Diarrhea and/or vomiting: Drink water of young fruit, as tolerated. Water from the young coconut has been used as a substitute for dextrose infusion in emergent situations during World War II. Dry skin: Apply oil and massage into affected area. Young roots astringent for sore throats. Ash of bark used for scabies. Okra Distribution Cultivated for its edible fruit. Nowhere naturalized. Pantropic. Properties Whole plant is aromatic, with an odor resembling cloves. Demulcent, emollient, sudorific, cooling, carminative, stimulant, cordial, antispasmodic. Very mucilaginous when cooked. Mucilage considered to have an aphrodisiac effect. Parts utilized  · Roots, leaves, young pods, seeds. Uses Edibility / Nutrition  · Fruit is edible.  · Prepared in a variety of ways; an ingredient of soups and stews.  · Very mucilaginous when cooked.  · Fair source of iron, vitamin A and C; good source of calcium.  · Also contains thiamine and riboflavin.  · Seeds occasionally used a coffee substitute. Folkloric  · Decoction of roots and leaves as a tea or for washing.  · Decoction of young fruit useful for catarrh, urinary problems.  · Syrup from mucilaginous fruit used for sore throat.  · Infusion of roots used for syphilis.  · Poultice of roots and leaves for wound healing.  · Young pods for fevers, difficult urination and diarrhea.  · Decoction of roots for headaches, varicose veins, arthritis, fevers.  · Decoctions of leaves for abdominal pain. CONSUMER HEALTH Consumer health education is the process of educating the consumers about the safety of the products they consume. It is meant to protect them from injuries and inform them about their rights as the backbone of producers and manufacturers. HEALTH INFORMATION Personal health information (PHI), also referred to as protected health information, generally refers to demographic information, medical history, test and laboratory results, insurance information and other data that is collected by a health care professional to identify an individual and determine appropriate care. HEALTH PRODUCT Health care product category includes all products including medical preparations and pharmaceutical preparations available by doctors prescription or not. These products include the major category of shampoos, mouthwashes, toothpastes, etc. Also called personal care products. Usage of flavors in this category relies heavily on the use of menthol type products and other mints (spearmint, wintergreen). Covering up medicinal systems is more difficult and care must be maintained not to adversely affect the flavorist tasting these often potent and potentially harmful medicinal preparations. Historically, anise, high benzaldehyde cherry flavors, root beer flavor, other potent brown-type flavors (anise, vanilla, chocolate), and grape flavors have also been the most popular in this case.